Identifying Factors Alleviating Poverty: Experience from Malaysian Zakat Institutions International Journal of Zakat | ISSN: 2541 1411 | Vol. 2 (1) 2017
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May 19, 2017
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Abstract
A major challenge for zakat institutions is to identify ways to alleviate poverty. Thus, it is essential to determine factors that influence the incidence of poverty. Determinants of poverty can be used by zakat institutions as a guide by zakat authorities as to draw guidelines and programs to alleviate the poor. The objective of the present paper is to identify the determinants of poverty from the perspective of poor zakat recepients in Selangor, the most populated Muslim state in Malaysia. Using the Had Kifayah method, which is based on maqasid al-shariah principles, the study would outline factors that can be used as a guideline to fight poverty. The present study employed a dataset derived from a survey consisting of 258 head of household heads of low-income group in the state of Selangor, the most populated state in Malaysia. The multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis revealed three factors that influence poverty in this study, namely, unemployment of household heads, non-working household adults and unability to obtain permanent jobs.
Keywords: Poverty, measurements, zakat organizations
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Saladin Abdul Rasool, M., & Tuan Sayed Amran, S. A. (2017, May 19). Identifying Factors Alleviating Poverty: Experience from Malaysian Zakat Institutions. International Journal of Zakat, 2(1), 31-43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37706/ijaz.v2i1.13
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References
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Amis, P. (1995). Making sense of Poverty in
IIED. Urban Poverty: Characteristics,Causes and Consequences. Environment and Urbanization, 7(1), 145-157.
Anand, S. (1977). Aspects of Poverty in Malaysia. Review of Income and Wealth, 23(1), 1-16.
Anand, S. (1983). Inequality and Poverty in
Malaysia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ariffin, J. (1997). Poverty Amidst Plenty: Research Findings and The Gender Dimension in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Pelanduk Publications.
Awan, M. S., & Iqbal, N. (2010). Determinants of Urban Poverty: The Case of Medium Sized City in Pakistan. Working Papers & Research Reports, 2010.
Awan, M. S., Waqas, M., & Aslam, M. A. (2011). Multidimensional Poverty in Pakistan: Case of Punjab. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 2(8), 133-144.
Awan, M. S., Waqas, M., & Aslam, M. A. (2012).Multidimensional Measurement of Poverty in Pakistan. MPRA Paper No. 41532.
Aziz, U. A. (1964). Poverty and Rural Development in Malaysia. Kajian Ekonomi Malaysia 1(1), 70-105.
Azman, A.R. (2016). “Had Kifayah Zakat di Malaysia: Isu dan Cabaran”, dalam Norliana Ismail et.al. Isu Kontemporari Had Kifayah Zakat dan Pengurusan Di Malaysia. Nilai: USIM,1-8
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Scientific Order.
Dartanto, T., & Otsubo, S. (2013). Measurements and Determinants of Multifaceted Poverty: Absolute, Relative, and Subjective Poverty in Indonesia.
Dogarawa, A.B. (2003): “Ethical Issues and Implementation of Islamic Policies for Poverty Eradication”, Background Issues to Ethics in Accounting, Proceedings of the 1st National Conference on Ethical Issues in Accounting, Bayero University, Kano.
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Moser, C. (1995). Women, Gender and Urban Development Policy: Challenges for Current and Future Research. Third World Planning Review, 17(2), 223-243
Muhammad, M. (1995). Abolishing Poverty and Hunger from South Asia. Unpublished paper presented at the Conference on South Asian Integration. Columbia
Nurul Afifah, H., Aisyah, A.R., & Hairulnizam, W. (2015). “Penentuan Haddul Kifayah Pelajar Institusi Pengajian Tinggi: Kajian Pelajar Siswazah Di Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia”, dalam Nor Aini Ali, Azizi Che Seman & Mohammad Taqiuddin Mohamad, Isu Kontemporari Agihan Zakat di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan dan Jabatan Syariah dan Ekonomi, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya, 79-92
Onn, F. C. (1989). Kemiskinan bandar di Malaysia: Profil dan kedudukan pada 1980an. Ilmu Masyarakat, 15, 43-58.
Peerzade, S. A. (1997). The Definition and Measurement of Poverty: An integrated Islamic approach. The Pakistan Development Review, 36(1), 87-97.
Possumah, T.B. (2016). Had Kifayah Zakah and Adequacy of Income Redistribution. A Proposal Framework. International Journal of Zakat. Vol 1 No.1. November 2016, 36-49.
Ravallion, M. (1996). Issues in measuring and modelling poverty. Economic Research and Training Institute. IDB
Razizi, T. et al. (2017). Item Dan Kadar Penolakan Had Kifayah Zakat Pendapatan di Negeri Sabah: Satu Perbandingan dengan Pelepasan Cukai Pendapatan. Filantrofi: Memperkasa Kewanagan Sosial Islam, pp: 195-202. Malaysia: USIM Press
Rodriguez, J. G., Martinez, M. G., Santoyo, L. S., Lozano, M. Q., & Weber, G. Y. (2010). Chronic and Transient Poverty in Mexico. Economics Buletin, 30(4), 3188-3200.
Rupasingha, A., & Goetz, S. J. (2007). Social and Political Forces As Determinants of Poverty: A Spatial Analysis. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 36, 650-671.
Saidatulakmal, O., & Riaz, M. (2012). Impact of Housing Environment on Poverty, The Journal Economics and Sustainable Development, 3(8): 155-156.
Sarah, A.S., Aisyah, A.R., & Hairulnizam, W. (2015). “Penentuan Haddul Kifayah Pelajar Institusi Pengajian Tinggi: Kajian Pelajar Pra Siswazah Di Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia”, dalam Nor Aini Ali, Azizi Che Seman & Mohammad Taqiuddin Mohamad, Isu Kontemporari Agihan Zakat di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan dan Jabatan Syariah dan Ekonomi, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya, 61-78.
Shirazi, N. S. (1996). Targeting, Coverage and Contribution of Zakat To Households’ Income: The Case of Pakistan. Journal of Economic Cooperation among Muslim Countries, 17(3-4), 165-186.
Shireen, M. H. (1998). Income Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia. Landham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Suhaib, A.Q. (2009). Contribution of Zakat in The Social Development of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Science, 29(2), 313-334
Tamura, Y. (2003). Redistribution Policies for The Rural Poor of Developing Countries: Towards More Equitable Development. Kuala Lumpur: University Malaya Press.
Tsakloglou, P., & Papadopoulos, G. (1998). Who Are The Poor in Greece? Analysing Povertyunder Alternative Concepts of Resources and Equivalence Scales. Journal of European Social Policy, 8, 229-252.
World Bank (2002). World development report 2001/2002: Attacking poverty. New York. Oxford University Press.
Zin, R. M. (2002). The Asian Financial Crisis and Its Impact on Poverty and Inequality in Malaysia. Institute of Malaysian International Studies Working Paper 23. Bangi, Selangor: Institute of Malaysian International Studies (IKMAS), UKM.
Islam wa al-Tawazun al-Iqtisadi baina al-Afradwa al-Dual. Jil. 1. Wizarat al-Auqaf. 38-39.
Al-Qardawi, Y. (2000). Fiqh Al Zakat: A Comparative Study of Zakat Regulations and Philosophy In The Light of Quran and Sunnah. New York: King Abdulaziz University Press.
Amis, P. (1995). Making sense of Poverty in
IIED. Urban Poverty: Characteristics,Causes and Consequences. Environment and Urbanization, 7(1), 145-157.
Anand, S. (1977). Aspects of Poverty in Malaysia. Review of Income and Wealth, 23(1), 1-16.
Anand, S. (1983). Inequality and Poverty in
Malaysia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ariffin, J. (1997). Poverty Amidst Plenty: Research Findings and The Gender Dimension in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Pelanduk Publications.
Awan, M. S., & Iqbal, N. (2010). Determinants of Urban Poverty: The Case of Medium Sized City in Pakistan. Working Papers & Research Reports, 2010.
Awan, M. S., Waqas, M., & Aslam, M. A. (2011). Multidimensional Poverty in Pakistan: Case of Punjab. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 2(8), 133-144.
Awan, M. S., Waqas, M., & Aslam, M. A. (2012).Multidimensional Measurement of Poverty in Pakistan. MPRA Paper No. 41532.
Aziz, U. A. (1964). Poverty and Rural Development in Malaysia. Kajian Ekonomi Malaysia 1(1), 70-105.
Azman, A.R. (2016). “Had Kifayah Zakat di Malaysia: Isu dan Cabaran”, dalam Norliana Ismail et.al. Isu Kontemporari Had Kifayah Zakat dan Pengurusan Di Malaysia. Nilai: USIM,1-8
Azman, A.R.; Tengku Mansur, T.Z.A (2017). Strata Had Kifayah Zakat di Malaysia Menurut Maqasid Syariah. Filantrofi: Memperkasa Kewangan Sosial Islam, pp: 179-187. Malaysia: USIM Press.
Choudhury, M. A. (1995). The Epistemological Foundations of Islamic Economic, Social, and
Scientific Order.
Dartanto, T., & Otsubo, S. (2013). Measurements and Determinants of Multifaceted Poverty: Absolute, Relative, and Subjective Poverty in Indonesia.
Dogarawa, A.B. (2003): “Ethical Issues and Implementation of Islamic Policies for Poverty Eradication”, Background Issues to Ethics in Accounting, Proceedings of the 1st National Conference on Ethical Issues in Accounting, Bayero University, Kano.
Farid, S. (2010). Penetapan Had Al–Kifayah di Lembaga Zakat Selangor (LZS). Paper presented at Bengkel Had al–kifayah, 3rd March. Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
Geinneken, W. V. (1980). Some Methods of Poverty Analysis: An Application to Iranian Data, 1975-1976. World Development, 8, 639-646
Hanson, G. H. (2007). Globalization, Labor Income, and Poverty in Mexico. In Globalization and poverty (pp. 417-456). University of Chicago Press.
Harun, M. F. M. (2006). Peminggiran dan Kemiskinan Orang Asli di Negeri Perak. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
Harun, M. F., & Abdullah, A. F. (2007). Kemiskinan Mengikut Teori Konvensional dan Perspektif Islam. Shah Alam, Selangor: UPENA.
JAWHAR. (2007). Manual Pengurusan Zakat. Putrajaya: Jabatan Wakaf, Zakat dan Haji (JAWHAR), Jabatan Perdana Menteri Malaysia.
Johari, M.Y. and Kiong,C.S.( l99l). "An Overview of Urban Poverty in Sabah", in Johari, M.Y. (ed).,Urban Poverty in Malaysia, Sabah: IDS
Laderchi, C. R. (2000). The Monetary Approach to Poverty: A Survey of Concept and Methods. QEH Paper Series, 58, 1-19.
Lembaga Zakat Selangor (LZS). Annual Report Various Issues. Shah Alam, Selangor: Lembaga Zakat Selangor (LZS).
Mansor, S., Husna, H., & Hasan, A. (2016). “Keperluan Terhadap Penentuan Had Al-Kifayah kepada Pembayar Zakat Pendapatan”, dalam Norliana Ismail et.al Isu Kontemporari Had Kifayah Zakat dan Pengurusan Di Malaysia. Nilai: USIM, 39-54.
Mansor, S., Hasan, A., Irfan, A., Hisham, I, Noradilah, M. D., & Saharudin, R. (2013). Had Al-Kifayah di Kalangan Masyarakat Islam: Merungkai Keperluan Kaedah Penentuan Garis Miskin dan Kaya Berasaskan Sunnah Di Malaysia. In: Seminar Antarabangsa Sunnah Nabawiyah (Musnad 2): Realiti dan Cabaran, 3-4 July, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya
Mohd, S. & Madiha, R. (2012). Characteristics of Poverty in Pakistan.Developing Country Studies 2.5 (2012): 67-77.
Moser, C. (1995). Women, Gender and Urban Development Policy: Challenges for Current and Future Research. Third World Planning Review, 17(2), 223-243
Muhammad, M. (1995). Abolishing Poverty and Hunger from South Asia. Unpublished paper presented at the Conference on South Asian Integration. Columbia
Nurul Afifah, H., Aisyah, A.R., & Hairulnizam, W. (2015). “Penentuan Haddul Kifayah Pelajar Institusi Pengajian Tinggi: Kajian Pelajar Siswazah Di Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia”, dalam Nor Aini Ali, Azizi Che Seman & Mohammad Taqiuddin Mohamad, Isu Kontemporari Agihan Zakat di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan dan Jabatan Syariah dan Ekonomi, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya, 79-92
Onn, F. C. (1989). Kemiskinan bandar di Malaysia: Profil dan kedudukan pada 1980an. Ilmu Masyarakat, 15, 43-58.
Peerzade, S. A. (1997). The Definition and Measurement of Poverty: An integrated Islamic approach. The Pakistan Development Review, 36(1), 87-97.
Possumah, T.B. (2016). Had Kifayah Zakah and Adequacy of Income Redistribution. A Proposal Framework. International Journal of Zakat. Vol 1 No.1. November 2016, 36-49.
Ravallion, M. (1996). Issues in measuring and modelling poverty. Economic Research and Training Institute. IDB
Razizi, T. et al. (2017). Item Dan Kadar Penolakan Had Kifayah Zakat Pendapatan di Negeri Sabah: Satu Perbandingan dengan Pelepasan Cukai Pendapatan. Filantrofi: Memperkasa Kewanagan Sosial Islam, pp: 195-202. Malaysia: USIM Press
Rodriguez, J. G., Martinez, M. G., Santoyo, L. S., Lozano, M. Q., & Weber, G. Y. (2010). Chronic and Transient Poverty in Mexico. Economics Buletin, 30(4), 3188-3200.
Rupasingha, A., & Goetz, S. J. (2007). Social and Political Forces As Determinants of Poverty: A Spatial Analysis. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 36, 650-671.
Saidatulakmal, O., & Riaz, M. (2012). Impact of Housing Environment on Poverty, The Journal Economics and Sustainable Development, 3(8): 155-156.
Sarah, A.S., Aisyah, A.R., & Hairulnizam, W. (2015). “Penentuan Haddul Kifayah Pelajar Institusi Pengajian Tinggi: Kajian Pelajar Pra Siswazah Di Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia”, dalam Nor Aini Ali, Azizi Che Seman & Mohammad Taqiuddin Mohamad, Isu Kontemporari Agihan Zakat di Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan dan Jabatan Syariah dan Ekonomi, Akademi Pengajian Islam, Universiti Malaya, 61-78.
Shirazi, N. S. (1996). Targeting, Coverage and Contribution of Zakat To Households’ Income: The Case of Pakistan. Journal of Economic Cooperation among Muslim Countries, 17(3-4), 165-186.
Shireen, M. H. (1998). Income Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia. Landham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Suhaib, A.Q. (2009). Contribution of Zakat in The Social Development of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Social Science, 29(2), 313-334
Tamura, Y. (2003). Redistribution Policies for The Rural Poor of Developing Countries: Towards More Equitable Development. Kuala Lumpur: University Malaya Press.
Tsakloglou, P., & Papadopoulos, G. (1998). Who Are The Poor in Greece? Analysing Povertyunder Alternative Concepts of Resources and Equivalence Scales. Journal of European Social Policy, 8, 229-252.
World Bank (2002). World development report 2001/2002: Attacking poverty. New York. Oxford University Press.
Zin, R. M. (2002). The Asian Financial Crisis and Its Impact on Poverty and Inequality in Malaysia. Institute of Malaysian International Studies Working Paper 23. Bangi, Selangor: Institute of Malaysian International Studies (IKMAS), UKM.