Had Kifayah Zakah and Adequacy of Income Redistribution: A Proposal Framework International Journal of Zakat | ISSN: 2541 1411 | Vol. 1 (1) 2016
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Nov 16, 2016
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Abstract
Social security systems traditionally serve a dual purpose: they maintain acquired living standards in the event of the materialization of social risks and combat poverty by guaranteeing adequate minimum income. In this paper we consider Zakat as an important mechanism that strengthens the economy of the entire society by providing Had kifayah as a way to redistribute income. Zakat is also a source of social security to the community, especially to those under inadequate living standards. Had Kifayah Zakat can work as a minimum standard to manage redistribution of income, thereby reducing poverty and balancing economic growth in our society.
Keywords: Had Kifayah; Zakat; Social Security; Income redistribution; adequacy
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Taufiq Possumah, B. (2016, November 16). Had Kifayah Zakah and Adequacy of Income Redistribution: A Proposal Framework. International Journal of Zakat, 1(1), 36-49. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37706/ijaz.v1i1.5
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References
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World Bank. (1990). World Development Report 1990 : Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/5973 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
World Bank. (2001). Attacking Poverty: World Development Report, 2000/2001. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zarqa, M. A., & Al-Jarhi, M. A. (2007). Redistributive Justice in a
Developed Economy: An Islamic Perspective. In M. Iqbal (Ed), Advance in Islamic economics and finance. Jeddah: IRTI IDB.
Alesina, A., & Perotti, R. (1993). Income Distribution, Politicial Instability and Investment. NBER Working Paper No. 4486.
Atkinson, A. B. (1997). Bringing income distribution in from the cold. The Economic Journal, 107(441), 297-321. Basu, K. (2006). Globalization, poverty, and inequality: What is the relationship? What can be done?. World Development, 34(8), 1361-1373. Birdsall, N., Pinckney, T. C., & Sabot, R. (1996). Why low inequality spurs growth: savings and investment by the Poor. Washington DC: InterAmerican Development Bank
Bourguignon, F. (1998). Crime as a Social Cost of Poverty and Inequality: A Review focusing on Developing Countries. Paris: DELTA.
Bourguignon, F. (1999). Absolute Poverty, Relative Deprivation and Social Exclusion. Berlin: DSE.
Bretton Woods Project. (2016). The World Bank’s updated international poverty line, a case of poor measurement?. Retrieved from http://brettonwoodsproject.org
Cornia, G. A., & Court, J. (2001). Inequality, growth and poverty in the era of liberalization and globalization. Policy Brief No. 4. Helsinki, Finland: UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research.
Chapra, M. U. (2000). Islam dan Tantangan Ekonomi. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press. Dabla-Norris, M. E., Kochhar, M. K., Suphaphiphat, M. N., Ricka, M. F., & Tsounta, E. (2015). Causes and consequences of income inequality: a global perspective. International Monetary Fund.
Dubnoff, S. (1985). How much income is enough? Measuring public judgements. Public Opinion Quarterly, 49(3), 285-299.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2012). Globally almost 870 million chronically undernourished - new hunger report. Retrieved from http://fao.org
Foster, J., Greer, J., & Thorbecke, E. (1984). A class of decomposable poverty measures. Econometrica, 52. 761–776.
Freeman, R. (2010). Does Inequality Increase Economic Output?. Controversies about Inequality. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Hassan, K. (2010). An Integrated Poverty Alleviation Model Combining Zakat, Awqaf and Micro-finance: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference – The Tawhidi Epistemology: Zakat and Waqf Economy. Bangi Malaysia.
International Labor Organisation. (2003). Facts on social security. Retrieved from http://ilo.org
JAWHAR. (2007). Manual Pengurusan Zakat. Putrajaya: Jabatan Perdana Menteri.
Kahf, M., & Al Yafai, S. (2015). Social security and zakah in theory and practice. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 23(2). 189-215.
Kanbur, S. R. (2010). Protecting the poor against the next crisis. Retrieved from http://kanbur.aem.cornell.edu
Munch, J. R., & R. Skaksen. (2009). Human Capital and Wages in Exporting Firms. Working Paper 09-2006. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School. Naschold, F. (2002). Why inequality matters for poverty. ODI Inequality Briefing Paper, 2. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2011). Divided we stand: Why inequality keeps rising. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Qardhawi, Y. (2000). Fiqh al-Zakah (M. Kahf, Trans.). Jeddah: Scientific Publishing Centre, King Abdulaziz University.
Reyda, G. (1994). Social insurance and economic security. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Rodrik, D. (1997). Where did all the growth go? External shocks, social conflict and growth collapses. Harvard: Harvard University. Samuelson, P. (1989). Economics (13th Ed). McGraw Hill.
Siddiqi, M. N. (2004). Kegiatan ekonomi dalam Islam. Jakarta: PT. Bumi Aksara.
Singh, S. (1999). Ten priorities for poverty eradication. United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Spicker, P. (1995). Social policy: themes and approaches. London: Prentice-Hall.
The World Bank. (n.d.). WDI 2016 maps. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org
Usmani, T. (2000). The Economic Challenge for the Ummah, International Conference of the World Muslim Congress. Retrieved from http://www.albalagh.net Veit-Wilson, J. (1998). Setting adequacy standards. How governments define.
White, H., & Anderson, E. (2001). Growth versus Distribution: Does the Pattern of Growth Matter?. Development Policy Review 19(3), 267-289.
Wodon, Q. T. (1999). Growth, poverty, and inequality: a regional panel. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 2072.
World Bank. (1990). World Development Report 1990 : Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/5973 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
World Bank. (2001). Attacking Poverty: World Development Report, 2000/2001. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zarqa, M. A., & Al-Jarhi, M. A. (2007). Redistributive Justice in a
Developed Economy: An Islamic Perspective. In M. Iqbal (Ed), Advance in Islamic economics and finance. Jeddah: IRTI IDB.